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Giải thích chi tiết về linh kiện  GENERAL INFORMATION
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2
The Capacitor
GENERAL INFORMATION
A
capacitor
is
a
component
which
is
capable
of storing electrical energy. It consists of two conductive plates
(electrodes) separated by insulating material which is called
the dielectric. A typical formula for determining capacitance is:
C =
.224 KA
t
C = capacitance (picofarads)
K = dielectric constant (Vacuum = 1)
A = area in square inches
t = separation between the plates in inches
(thickness of dielectric)
.224 = conversion constant
(.0884 for metric system in cm)
Capacitance – The standard unit of capacitance
is the farad. A capacitor has a capacitance of 1 farad when
1 coulomb charges it to 1 volt. One farad is a very large unit
and most capacitors have values in the micro (10-6), nano
(10-9) or pico (10-12) farad level.
Dielectric Constant – In the formula for capacitance given
above
the
dielectric
constant
of
a
vacuum
is
arbitrarily chosen as the number 1. Dielectric constants of
other materials are then compared to the dielectric con-
stant of a vacuum.
Dielectric Thickness – Capacitance is indirectly propor-
tional to the separation between electrodes. Lower voltage
requirements mean thinner dielectrics and greater capaci-
tance per volume.
Area – Capacitance is directly proportional to the area of
the electrodes. Since the other variables in the equation are
usually set by the performance desired, area is the easiest
parameter to modify to obtain a specific capacitance with-
in a material group.
Energy Stored – The energy which can be stored in a
capacitor is given by the formula:
E = 12CV
2
E = energy in joules (watts-sec)
V = applied voltage
C = capacitance in farads
Potential
Change
A
capacitor
is
a
reactive
component which reacts against a change in potential
across it. This is shown by the equation for the linear
charge of a capacitor:
I
ideal =
C
dV
dt
where
I = Current
C = Capacitance
dV/dt = Slope of voltage transition across capacitor
Thus an infinite current would be required to instantly
change the potential across a capacitor. The amount of
current a capacitor can “sink” is determined by the above
equation.
Equivalent Circuit – A capacitor, as a practical device,
exhibits not only capacitance but also resistance and
inductance. A simplified schematic for the equivalent
circuit is:
C = Capacitance
L = Inductance
R
s = Series Resistance
R
p = Parallel Resistance
Reactance – Since the insulation resistance (Rp)
is normally very high, the total impedance of a capacitor is:
Z =
R
2
S + (XC - XL )
2
where
Z = Total Impedance
R
s = Series Resistance
X
C = Capacitive Reactance
=
1
2 π fC
X
L = Inductive Reactance
= 2 π fL
The variation of a capacitor’s impedance with frequency
determines its effectiveness in many applications.
Phase Angle – Power Factor and Dissipation Factor are
often confused since they are both measures of the loss in
a capacitor under AC application and are often almost
identical in value. In a “perfect” capacitor the current in the
capacitor will lead the voltage by 90°.
R
L
R
C
P
S


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