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LM324-TR bảng dữ liệu(PDF) 9 Page - 3PEAK INC.

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Giải thích chi tiết về linh kiện  1.2MHz, Low-Power 36V Op Amps
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LM321/LM358/ LM324
1.2MHz, Low-Power 36V Op Amps
www.3peakic.com.cn
Rev. B.01
In applications where low input bias current is critical, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) surface leakage effects need to be
considered. Surface leakage is caused by humidity, dust or other contamination on the board. Under low humidity
conditions, a typical resistance between nearby traces is 10
12Ω. A 5V difference would cause 5pA of current to flow,
which is greater than the LM321/358/324
OPA’s input bias current at +27°C (±1pA, typical). It is recommended to use
multi-layer PCB layout and route
the OPA’s -IN and +IN signal under the PCB surface.
The effective way to reduce surface leakage is to use a guard ring around sensitive pins (or traces). The guard
ring is biased at the same voltage as the sensitive pin. An example of this type of layout is shown in Figure 1 for
Inverting Gain application.
1. For Non-Inverting Gain and Unity-Gain Buffer:
a) Connect the non-inverting pin (VIN+) to the input with a wire that does not touch the PCB surface.
b) Connect the guard ring to the inverting input pin (VIN–). This biases the guard ring to the Common Mode input voltage.
2. For Inverting Gain and Trans-impedance Gain Amplifiers (convert current to voltage, such as photo detectors):
a) Connect the guard ring to the non-inverting input pin (VIN+). This biases the guard ring to the same reference voltage as
the op-amp (e.g., VS/2 or ground).
b) Connect the inverting pin (VIN–) to the input with a wire that does not touch the PCB surface.
VIN+
VIN-
+VS
Guard Ring
Figure 1
Ground Sensing and Rail to Rail Output
The LM321/358/324 has excellent output drive capability, delivering over 35mA of output drive current. The output
stage is a rail-to-rail topology that is capable of swinging to within 5mV of either rail. Since the inputs can go 100mV
beyond either rail, the op-
amp can easily perform ‘True Ground Sensing’.
The maximum output current is a function of total supply voltage. As the supply voltage to the amplifier increases, the
output current capability also increases. Attention must be paid to keep the junction temperature of the IC below 150°C
when the output is in continuous short-circuit. The output of the amplifier has reverse-biased ESD diodes connected to
each supply. The output should not be forced more than 0.5V beyond either supply, otherwise current will flow through
these diodes.
ESD
The LM321/358/324 has reverse-biased ESD protection diodes on all inputs and output. Input and out pins cannot be
biased more than 200mV beyond either supply rail.
Feedback Components and Suppression of Ringing
Care should be taken to ensure that the pole formed by the feedback resistors and the parasitic capacitance at the
inverting input does not degrade stability. For example, in a gain of +2 configuration with gain and feedback resistors of
10k, a poorly designed circuit board layout with
parasitic capacitance of 5pF (part +PC board) at the amplifier’s
inverting input will cause the amplifier to ring due to a pole formed at 1.2MHz. An additional capacitor of 5pF across the
feedback resistor as shown in Figure 2 will eliminate any ringing.
Careful layout is extremely important because low power signal conditioning applications demand high-impedance
circuits. The layout should also minimize stray capacitance at the
OPA’s inputs. However some stray capacitance may
be unavoidable and it may be necessary to add a 2pF to 10pF capacitor across the feedback resistor.
Select the
smallest capacitor value that ensures stability.


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